Viewing the global health system as a complex adaptive system – implications for research and practice

The global health system (GHS) is ill-equipped to deal with the increasing number of transnational challenges. The GHS needs reform enhance resilience future risks health. In this article we argue that starting point for any must be conceptualizing and studying as a complex adaptive (CAS) large escalating interconnected actors learn adapt their behaviours in response each other changes environment. can viewed multi-scalar, nested comprising all national systems together architecture, which are influenced by cross-scale interactions. However, current methods cannot adequately capture dynamism or complexity quantify effects challenges potential options. We provide an overview selection thinking science available researchers highlight numerous policy insights application could yield. also discuss applying these makers digesting acting upon them. encourage CAS approach research making help bolster transcend boundaries scales.